CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics

Institute of Theoretical Physics

Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Edwards ensemble is the only statistical mechanical framework conjectured to understand macroscopic behaviors of non-equilibrium granular materials. However, its direct experimental validation in three dimensions is lacking, especially when particles possess different friction coefficients. Here we analyse tapping generated 3D granular packings using X-ray tomography. We validate Edwards volume ensemble as well as establish a granular version of thermodynamic zeroth law. We clarify the influence of friction on granular statistical mechanics as modifying the density of states. Our work is crucial for future development of a constitutive law of granular materials based on a statistical mechanical framework.